Nature Energy intl_tech D1

发布：2026-05-27 · 事件：2026-05-27

Subjects Batteries Energy policy Energy security Materials for devices Abstract To address supply shortfalls in the electric vehicle battery supply chain, US policy has prioritized expanding domestic ...

Subjects Batteries Energy policy Energy security Materials for devices Abstract To address supply shortfalls in the electric vehicle battery supply chain, US policy has prioritized expanding domestic production. However, we find that this strategy alone cannot meet future material demand. If announced projects materialize, domestic production can meet 2035 demand for raw lithium, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, electrolytes and separators used in major battery chemistries. However, many other materials still face substantial and persistent gaps even with demand-side strategies, including improved material efficiency, enhanced battery recycling and battery chemistry shifts. Shortfalls of ~30–70% persist for upstream cobalt, graphite, nickel and their midstream refined materials. For some of these materials, gaps may widen because ~30–100% of projected domestic supplies rely on early-stage projects, which may not advance. Downstream, cathode and anode active materials face ~15–75% shortfalls. Therefore, securing US battery materials will require investment across the domestic supply chain, reductions and shifts in material demand and international sourcing. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Access through your institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription 27,99 € / 30 days cancel any time Learn more Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles 111,21 € per year only 9,27 € per issue Learn more Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to the full article PDF. 39,95 € Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Fig. 1: Material supply–demand gaps in 2035 under the Supply Expansion Scenario. The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI. Fig. 2: Material supply–demand gaps in 2035 under demand-side strategies. The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI. Fig. 3: Maximum EV battery production using US domestic supply and projected EV battery demand in 2035. The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI. Fig. 4: Material supply–demand gaps in 2035 under the Combined Strategy Scenario. The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI. Similar content being viewed by others Battery chemistry mix predominantly explains disparities in critical material use for electric passenger vehicles Article Open access 18 May 2026 Impact of electric vehicle battery recycling on reducing raw material demand and battery life-cycle carbon emissions in China Article Open access 17 January 2025 Primary material supply configurations and domestic recycling for cost-effective battery material production in the US Article Open access 09 December 2025 Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available in Supplementary Information . Source data are provided with this paper. Code availability The code that is used for this study is available via Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19056258 (ref. 48 ). References Global EV Outlook 2025 (IEA, 2025); https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2025 Sprecher, B. et al. Framework for resilience in material supply chains, with a case study from the 2010 rare earth crisis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 , 6740–6750 (2015). Article Google Scholar Building Resilient Supply Chains, Revitalizing American Manufacturing, and Fostering Broad-Based Growth: 100-Day Reviews under Executive Order 14017 (White House, 2021); https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/100-day-supply-chain-review-report.pdf Fact sheet: President Donald J. Trump ensures national security and economic resilience through section 232 actions on processed critical minerals and derivative products. White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-ensures-national-security-and-economic-resilience-through-section-232-actions-on-processed-critical-minerals-and-derivative-products/ (2025). Global Supply Chains of EV Batteries (IEA, 2022); https://www.iea.org/reports/global-supply-chains-of-ev-batteries Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, H.R. 5376 (117th Congress, 2022); https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, H.R. 3684 (117th Congress, 2021); https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684 One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025, H.R.1 (119th Congress, 2025); https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1/text Regulating imports with a reciprocal tariff to rectify trade practices that contribute to large and persistent annual United States goods trade deficits. White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large